This feasibility study explores the development and application of levitated quantum optomechanical sensors for atmospheric observations, particularly in the context of Earth Observation (EO). The work evaluates the fundamental operating principles, conceptual and preliminary instrument design, performance, and recommended development roadmap for advancing optomechanical experiments from laboratory technology to space-qualified instrumentation.

The study first establishes the scientific rationale for the proposed optomechanical sensing technique, targeting gaps in neutral measurement capabilities. Conventional instruments like neutral mass spectrometers and accelerometers use indirect techniques and are therefore limited in resolution or operational range, particularly in low-density regimes of low earth orbit (LEO). Levitated optomechanical experiments on the other hand, leveraging dielectric nanoparticles monitored with quantum-limited precision, offer the potential to instantaneously detect individual particle impacts and measure the resultant moments of the underlying distribution function of the ambient medium (density, temperature, bulk velocity) with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy. A set of target mission requirements is established for spacecraft operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This atmospheric regime is of intense scientific interest due to the complex interactions between the upper atmosphere and the space environment. Furthermore, precise atmospheric drag measurements are essential in LEO both for advancing scientific understanding and for supporting operational satellites that require accurate orbit determination and prediction.

LEVITAS represent represents a novel and transformative sensor concept, bridging critical gaps in atmospheric and space science. By combining quantum optomechanics with precision engineering, LEVITAS achieves unprecedented resolution in challenging environments, from Earth’s thermosphere to the Martian tenuous exosphere, through to the interstellar medium. This study provides both a strong conceptual foundation and a technical roadmap to further explore the utilisation of optomechanical experiments for space applications.