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In an era of high resolution gravity field modelling the dominant error sources in spacecraft orbit determination are non-conservative spacecraft surface forces, such as: Solar Radiation Pressure, antenna thrust, Earth' albedo, thermal re-radiation, etc. The conventional approach to these problems is to use an empirical blind model which absorb all the forces but this approach introduces systematic errors and limit the prediction of the orbit. In the last years several wind-box model have appeared, developed based in GPS and Glonass official information, to overcome this limitation.
GMV AEROSPACE AND...
The population of non-operational objects in the space environment is raising, increasing concern about the safety of operations for current and future space activities. In this respect, space agencies and in particular ESA with its ESA/ADMIN/IPOL (2014) have established policies to mitigate space debris creation. Please refer to the compendium of space debris mitigation standards adopted by states and international organizations, [RD.5], for additional information. This basically implies that satellites in LEO and GEO shall perform an End Of Life (EOL) disposal with a reliability of 90%.
GMV