Aerodrag is a dominant force acting on spacecraft operating in Very Low Earth orbit (VLEO

Achievements and status: ​

The interest of having in the near future an available Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service supporting future missions to and at the Moon is currently supported by both institutional and commercial initiatives. On the commercial side, multiple companies are developing business solutions targeting the Moon and several major European companies are proposing to team up to build a communications network on the Moon compatible to terrestrial standards. In parallel, NASA has recently announced its plans to a ?Return to the moon?

FITAI is a Machine Learning based technique that improves GNSS positioning engine accuracy by mapping signal strength and residuals into position errors. These inputs are fed into a neural network to learn and correct errors, offering a non-invasive solution that provides better location precision without relying on external sources like reference stations.

In December 2019, the 3GPP standardization group approved a dedicated work-item for the implementation of a new set of 5G New Radio (NR) specifications allowing the integration with mobile broadband satellite networks. This is the first time ever that the space industry has this challenging opportunity of a full integration with terrestrial cellular systems, and to benefit from very large economies of scale.

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Laminar to turbulent boundary layer transition holds paramount importance in high-speed flow regime because of its impact on the aerodynamic performances and thermal management of the spacecraft. Despite decades of investigations, incomplete understanding of this phenomenon still contributes to hinder the design of advanced hypersonic vehicles justifying the need for additional investigations.

In time scales of minutes the solar subflares and gamma ray bursts, like GRB221009A, can respectively release, small but close and huge but very far away amounts of electromagnetic energy, in Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), X-ray and γ- ray, among other bands. However the availability of conventional astronomical sensors for these bands, for instance in EUV, fundamental to characterize the habitability zone of exoplanets in hosting stars, is presently very limited or just non existing.

GNSS observations, as taken by global GNSS sensor networks, are affected by a multitude of effects impacting the quality of the GNSS observations itself as well as the derived products. This is especially true for high accuracy products like precise orbits and clocks and also for corrections applied for real time applications. The effects impacting the GNSS observations range from unexpected GNSS behaviour, atmospheric disturbances (e.g. scintillation), environmental (e.g. multipath, antenna, ?) and seasonal effects up to those which are depending on the GNSS receiver behaviour.