North-South station keeping, orbit raising, deep space missions and formation flying of two or more spacecrafts are domain of electric propulsion (EP). Development of neutralizing element - a necessary thruster system compaonent- with high life time, low power consumption and high reliability is the same challenge like the thruster development itself.Having a neutralizing element is mandatory. During ion thruster operation, poisitve ions are extracted from plasma on different principles dependant on the thruster type.

In the current global landscape, the escalating threat of global warming has become a paramount concern for the future of our planet, with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions identified as a primary culprit. To counteract this looming crisis, significant efforts are underway among major political bodies to formulate legislation aimed at curbing emissions and steering the transition towards eco-friendly practices in the most impactful industrial processes.

The outer space is commonly perceived as one of the most hazardous environments for human beings. Nowadays, the training of astronauts relies on a wide range of courses and facilities to prepare them for any situation they may encounter in space. The combination of these training technologies has successfully prepared multiple generations of astronauts. However, these assets lack flexibility to customise the training process, and are limited in scalability to accommodate an increasing number of trainees.

ESA missions with downlink in X-band are limited to 10 MHz of bandwidth and 8.75 Mbps of data, using the current GAIA modulation. GAIA-NIR is requiring higher data rates and it is pushing the limits at X-band.The CCSDS-131.2-B standard defines 27 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) modes that are intended to allow fine control of information rate in a given bandwidth to optimise data throughput by minimising the required link margin.

EXOMARS features a multi-stem drill, pioneered by the MIRO driller (TRP result in 2001), capable of acquiring samples 2 meters down in the ground. Multi stem drills are the right solution for shallow depths, however for reaching deeper they present problems that are too difficult to solve within the constraint of space missions. Drillers of this type require a cumulated length of pipe as long as the depth reached, which translates into a large mass. Furthermore friction increases with depth so for any drill larger than few meters, the well must be lined.

Key challenges for solar fuel technologies to become viable and widely deployed are their durability and cost. These challenges directly relate to the semiconductor-electrolyte (SE) interface inherent to traditional photoelectrochemical (PEC) approaches and to the low energy density of solar radiation (~1000 W/m2) and its stochastic and cyclic nature, requiring large processing areas with idle waiting time (i.e. low capacity factors).