After Beagle 2 failure, one of the recommendations from the Commission of Inquiry concluded that future planetary entry missions should include a minimum telemetry of critical performance measurements and spacecraft health status during mission critical phases such as entry and descent. In case a relay satellite would be available, the data would be transferred to it, which will act as an Orbiter.

Currently two Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are fully operational. These two systems are the US GPS and the Russian GLONASS. However, the number of available GNSS in 2020 will grow up to four operational systems and the number of available GNSS satellites will be over 120 for potential users. Each GNSS will have at least three civil frequencies and more than two types of new GNSS signals. The complexity for processing of GNSS signals will increase substantially and the aspect of Interoperability will gain on importance for all GNSS users.

The "Sea surface Kinematics Multiscale monitoring" (SKIM) concept, interferometry and next generation Sentinel altimeter missions (S3 topo NG) rely on elaborate on-board data processing. During the SKIM phase A/B1 study, a pre-development activity addressing the on-board processing needs has been started, consisting in two parts. In the first part, the algorithms have been developed, implemented and tested in quantified C-code. The missing step, which was not executed as SKIM was not selected, is to implement and test the algorithms in hardware.

The use of Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) components is and will always be an option to achieve space system performances that cannot be achieved with available space qualified components. For such components that are not latchup proof by design the use of protection circuitry is essential.

A number of AR/VR projects have been implemented so far within ESA. The main focus has been on the application of AR/VR/MR to human and robotic operations as well as teleoperations/ maintenance tasks and lately on Space Safety use cases. With an increasing volume of information being represented on AR/VR/MR applications, especially for use cases involving visualisation of large datasets (e.g. scientific data) and Big Data, choosing the right approach is critical to meet performance limitations and offer an intriguing experience with greater fidelity without overwhelming the user.

One of the key disturbances to the test masses in space gravitational wave detectors and other free-fall experiments is the electrostatic charge induced in them through interactions with penetrating charged particles and their secondaries. The masses are normally behind heavy shielding and as charged particles penetrate, they slow, scatter and create a range of secondary particles through a variety of physical processes. As a consequence, the accurate tallying of the net charge is a complex and difficult problem.