A key objective of the Model-Based for System Engineering (MBSE) roadmap is to use MBSE to improve reviews conducted within the Agency. To date, the Agency has some limited experience with this; nonetheless, a standardised process has not yet been developed. In addition, the current tools and processes do not encourage easy interaction with models for users who are not experienced modellers. Digital modelling literacy is low across the wider Agency, and will likely remain so in the coming years.

ICARUS will provide an immersive environment that allows for training of Assembly Integration and Testing (AIT) procedures in Virtual Reality (VR).

The project, part of the ESA Discovery Campaign on Remote Sensing of Plastic Marine Litter, developed a method to estimate floating macroplastic accumulation and transport rates in rivers using remote sensing. It combined the detection of floating water hyacinths using Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 with in-situ estimates of macroplastic densities carried by this invasive aquatic weed. Water hyacinths typically form large patches of several meters of width and length, and can thus be detected from space.

The project, named in short 'Plastic Monitor', was part of the ESA Discovery Campaign on Remote Sensing of Plastic Marine Litter, funded by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities. Plastic Monitor aimed to assess the feasibility of detecting heavy plastic pollution loads in an Indonesian river using satellite imagery and ground truth data, and to demonstrate how remote sensing can enhance the quantification and monitoring of plastic input into the marine environment.

The specific objectives of the project were to:

The Ka-band frequency (35 GHz) is becoming increasingly attractive for spaceborne remote sensing applications. Unlike other radar bands, the Ka-band enables the development of compact high resolution interferometric instruments and embarking the payloads on a single platform. This creates unique new opportunities in Earth observation science and civil security applications, for instance in monitoring the changing cryosphere, generating high resolution maps of ocean currents and ship and vehicle detection.

The straylight characterisation and verification of EO instruments are quite challenging due to the stringent requirements regarding straylight and radiometric accuracy typically set for such instruments. The straylight verification generally requires an input source as an extended black (Lmin)/white(Lmax) scene with a very sharp and high contrast transition between the dark/bright region. The realisation of such a source is not straightforward as it requires careful design so as not to introduce additional straylight by its own.

Grid stiffened structures are a type of CFRP structure that is created by arranging multiple ribs in a type of lattice network. Each rib is created from unidirectional pre-preg plies and is joined together in nodes. For this particular application/technology also a skin is foreseen to close the gaps left in the grid structure. This type of configuration allows for structures with a very high specific strength and specific stiffness. The activity seeks to further develop the technology for use in a launcher inter-stage application.

• Command, telemetry and data download implementation